Have you ever visited Kinkaku-ji, the Golden Pavilion? As one of Japan's most popular tourist destinations, it competes for the top spot among Kyoto's attractions. But did you know it actually goes by a different official name? And are you aware that the existing Kinkaku-ji has been rebuilt several times after being engulfed in flames? There are many facets of Kinkaku-ji that are well-known, yet still hold hidden stories. In this article, we'll delve into the history, highlights, and some fascinating trivia about Kinkaku-ji. Whether you're planning a visit or just curious, keep reading to discover more about this iconic temple!
The history of Kinkaku-ji
The Golden Pavilion, or Kinkaku-ji, with its dazzling facade, has its origins in the ancient capital of Kyoto. Once upon a time, in the city of Kyoto, there stood a beautiful villa with gardens known as "Kitayama-dai," belonging to Kintsune Saionji, a nobleman and politician of the Kamakura period. He held significant positions such as Kanpaku (Imperial regent) and Daijō-daijin (Prime Minister), playing crucial roles between the Imperial court and the Kamakura shogunate. The gardens, adorned with waterfalls and ponds, captivated many with their beauty. However, as time passed, the Saionji family's decline mirrored the fading glory of their estate. Then came the Muromachi period, stirring life back into this forgotten land, caught in the gaze of the powerful Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the 3rd shogun of the Muromachi shogunate.
Yoshimitsu saw potential in the dilapidated Saionji estate and commenced a grand renovation in 1397, birthing the magnificent "Kitayama-don," a stage for politics and diplomacy, with the construction of the Relic Hall, later known as the Golden Pavilion. Yoshimitsu engaged in trade with Ming China, inviting Ming dignitaries to the golden splendor of Kitayama-don, showcasing the shogunate's strength. Kitayama culture flourished from this ground, attracting many cultural figures to indulge in arts and academia. Following Yoshimitsu's death, his will transformed the site into the Zen temple "Rokuon-ji."
However, peace was fleeting, and the Ōnin War's flames reached Rokuon-ji, reducing many buildings to ashes, sparing only a few, including the Golden Pavilion. The Edo period saw a revival under the stewardship of Sōjō Jōtai, appointed by Tokugawa Ieyasu, leading to the reconstruction of many buildings and the temple's prosperity.
History repeated itself when, on July 2, 1950, the temple was set ablaze by Hayashi Yōken, a monk-in-training, who cited "jealousy towards beauty" as his motive. This incident drew widespread attention from cultural figures and became a topic of discussion and narrative, inspiring Yukio Mishima to pen "The Temple of the Golden Pavilion." Despite such calamities, the Golden Pavilion was faithfully restored in 1955, reclaiming its brilliance.
The history of Kinkaku-ji is a tale of beauty and rebirth. From the Heian period to modern times, it has weathered many changes yet continues to shine. Visitors are not only awed by its majestic presence but also feel the deep historical and cultural layers behind it. Kinkaku-ji is more than just a structure; it's a symbol of Japan's spirit and culture.
Highlights of Kinkaku-ji
Let's delve into the highlights of Kinkaku-ji, narrowing it down to three main attractions!
The Relic Hall (Shariden)
Fondly known as the Golden Pavilion, this architectural gem stands as a magnificent symbol of Kyoto. Its gleaming gold exterior, which gives Kinkaku-ji its name, continues to captivate visitors from around the world.
Constructed in 1397 by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and completed in 1408, the Golden Pavilion features a unique three-tiered structure, with each level embodying a different architectural style. The first floor, "Hosui-in," is designed in the Shinden-zukuri style of aristocratic residences. The second floor, "Chouon-dou," mirrors the style of samurai residences, and the third floor, "Kukkyou-chou," is modeled after Zen Buddhist temples. The top two floors are adorned with pure gold leaf, showcasing its breathtaking beauty. Despite being destroyed by arson in 1950, it was faithfully rebuilt in 1955, preserving its beauty for future generations. The Relic Hall's rich history and stunning appearance leave an indelible mark on all who visit.
Mirror Pond (Kyouko-chi)
Occupying over half of the temple grounds, the expansive garden's centerpiece is the Mirror Pond. This pond is inspired by the Seven Treasures Pond found in the Pure Land and features several islands, with Ashihara Island, Tsuru Island, and Kame Island being the most notable. The use of Mount Kinugasa as a borrowed landscape further enhances the garden's natural beauty.
Designated as Special Historic Sites and Special Places of Scenic Beauty, the pond and garden are highly regarded for their historical and aesthetic value. Noteworthy are the stones donated by feudal lords to Ashikaga Yoshimitsu during the Muromachi period, which bear their names and reflect the power and aesthetic sensibilities of the era. Visitors to Kinkaku-ji are encouraged to appreciate the intricately designed garden alongside the Relic Hall's splendor.
Fudo Myoo (Acala)
Nestled quietly within the temple complex, the Fudo Hall contrasts with the opulent Golden Pavilion yet represents Kinkaku-ji's oldest building, imbued with profound historical significance. Reconstructed in the Momoyama period by Hideie Ukita, the hall has endured over 400 years of history.
Within the hall resides a secret statue of Fudo Myoo, believed to be crafted by Kobo Daishi (Kukai), the founder of Shingon Buddhism. This statue is revered for its purported healing powers, particularly for eye ailments, attracting widespread devotion. The hall also houses an Important Cultural Property, the wooden statue of Fudo Myoo. Inscriptions in the hall's stone chamber recount its extensive history, adding to its allure. Open to the public only during Setsubun and the Gozan Okuribi event on August 16th, and hosting the grand Goma ritual on November 28th, these special occasions enhance the hall's appeal as a must-see at Kinkaku-ji.
Visitors to Kinkaku-ji are encouraged to explore not just the iconic Golden Pavilion but also the historically rich Fudo Hall, a testament to deep faith and enduring history, adding another layer of fascination to this esteemed temple.
Access to Kinkaku-ji
Access to Kinkaku-ji from within Kyoto city is possible by train, bus, and taxi. Here, we'll detail each transportation method and the required time.
Combination of Train and Bus Although there's no direct train route to Kinkaku-ji, a common method is to take a bus from the nearest station.
- Direct Bus Access from Kyoto Station
- Take Kyoto City Bus route "205" or "101" and alight at the "Kinkaku-ji Michi" bus stop.
- Travel Time: About 40 minutes
- Fare: Approximately 230 JPY
- Train to the Nearest Station, then Bus
- From Kyoto Station, take the JR line to "Enmachi Station" (about 5 minutes), then transfer to Kyoto City Bus route "204" or "205" and get off at "Kinkaku-ji Michi" bus stop.
- Total Travel Time: About 30 minutes (including transfer time)
- Total Fare: Approximately 500 JPY (train fare + bus fare)
Taxi Using a taxi from within Kyoto city allows for a more flexible and quick access.
- From Kyoto Station to Kinkaku-ji
- Travel Time: About 20-30 minutes (varies with traffic conditions)
- Fare: Approximately 2,000 to 3,000 JPY (varies with traffic conditions and route)
Notes
- Kyoto city, especially during tourist season, experiences heavy traffic, so consider the travel time as an estimate. Buses, in particular, may be significantly delayed due to congestion and traffic conditions.
- Taxi fares may vary based on congestion and time of day, so use them as a guideline.
- It's recommended to allow extra time when visiting Kinkaku-ji. Additionally, consider checking for discount tickets like day passes for efficient sightseeing plans within Kyoto city.
Trivia about Kinkaku-ji
Kinkaku-ji, with its golden brilliance, has mesmerized many. Beyond its stunning facade, this beautiful temple harbors numerous intriguing tidbits. Let's share some interesting trivia about Kinkaku-ji.
Kinkaku-ji Isn't Its Real Name
The official name of Kinkaku-ji is "Rokuon-ji." "Kinkaku-ji" is merely a nickname derived from the golden leaf-covered exterior of its central pavilion, the Shariden or Relic Hall.
A History of Destruction and Reconstruction
Kinkaku-ji has faced destruction multiple times, notably during the Ōnin War and most famously in a 1950 arson. This latter event, which inspired Yukio Mishima's novel "The Temple of the Golden Pavilion," was perpetrated by a monk driven by "jealousy of beauty." The current structure dates back to 1955.
The Astonishing Amount of Gold Leaf
The Shariden's exterior is covered with about 20kg of gold leaf, contributing to its overwhelming beauty. The restoration work that began in 1987 would have cost about 42.66 million yen at the gold prices of the time, with total expenses surpassing 700 million yen. Today, the value of gold has soared; re-covering the pavilion with 20kg of gold leaf would now cost around 210 million yen.
Varied Architectural Styles Across Floors
The three-story Shariden features different architectural styles on each floor: the first in the Shinden-zukuri style of Heian aristocracy, the second in the Samurai residence style, and the third in the Zen Buddhist temple style of the Chinese Song dynasty. This diversity adds to Kinkaku-ji's unique charm.
The Beauty of Kinkaku Reflected in the Mirror Pond
The Mirror Pond in front of Kinkaku-ji, designed to reflect the golden pavilion, creates a mesmerizing scene on calm days, as if two Golden Pavilions existed. The pond is said to replicate the mythical "Seven Treasures Pond" of the Pure Land, composed of seven precious materials and filled with water that holds eight virtuous qualities.
The Phoenix Atop Kinkaku-ji
A golden phoenix stands atop Kinkaku-ji's roof, symbolizing rebirth and eternity, echoing the temple's history of resurrection from ashes. The exact reason for its placement is unclear, but theories suggest it was to fulfill Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's wish for his son to become emperor or as a protector and symbol of peace for Kyoto.
Suumary
How was it? This article covered Kinkaku-ji's history, highlights, access, and intriguing facts. Despite being one of Japan's most famous tourist spots, there might have been unknown aspects to many. Understanding its history and background can enrich your visit, offering more than just the view of a beautiful temple.
If this article piqued your interest, why not visit Kinkaku-ji in person? A new side of Kinkaku-ji, previously unfelt, might be waiting for you!
